Theory Definition in Science

Theory Definition in Science The definition of a theory in science is very different from the everyday usage of the word. In fact, its usually called a scientific theory to clarify the distinction. In the context of science, a theory is a well-established explanation for scientific data. Theories typically cannot be proven, but they can become established if they are tested by several different scientific investigators. A theory can be disproven by a single contrary result. Key Takeaways: Scientific Theory In science, a theory is an explanation of the natural world that has been repeatedly tested and verified using the scientific method.In common usage, the word theory means something very different. It could refer to a speculative guess.Scientific theories are testable and falsifiable. That is, its possible a theory might be disproven.Examples of theories include the theory of relativity and the theory of evolution. Examples There are many different examples of scientific theories in different disciplines. Examples include: Physics: the big bang theory, atomic theory, theory of relativity, quantum field theoryBiology: the theory of evolution, cell theory, dual inheritance theoryChemistry: the kinetic theory of gases, valence bond theory, Lewis theory, molecular orbital theoryGeology: plate tectonics theoryClimatology: climate change theory Key Criteria for a Theory There are certain criteria which must be fulfilled for a description to be a theory. A theory is not simply any description that can be used to make predictions! A theory must do all of the following: It must be well-supported by many independent pieces of evidence.It must be falsifiable. In other words, it must be possible to test a theory at some point.It must be consistent with existing experimental results and able to predict outcomes at least as accurately as any existing theories. Some theories may be adapted or changed over time to better explain and predict behavior. A good theory can be used to predict natural events that have not occurred yet or have yet to be observed. Value of Disproven Theories Over time, some theories have been shown to be incorrect. However, not all discarded theories are useless. For example, we now know Newtonian mechanics is incorrect under conditions approaching the speed of light and in certain frames of reference. The theory of relativity was proposed to better explain mechanics. Yet, at ordinary speeds, Newtonian mechanics accurately explains and predicts real-world behavior. Its equations are much easier to work with, so Newtonian mechanics remains in use for general physics. In chemistry, there are many different theories of acids and bases. They involve different explanations for how acids and bases work (e.g., hydrogen ion transfer, proton transfer, electron transfer). Some theories, which are known to be incorrect under certain conditions, remain useful in predicting chemical behavior and making calculations. Theory vs. Law Both scientific theories and scientific laws are the result of testing hypotheses via the scientific method. Both theories and laws may be used to make predictions about natural behavior. However, theories explain why something works, while laws simply describe behavior under given conditions. Theories do not change into laws; laws do not change into theories. Both laws and theories may be falsified but contrary evidence. Theory vs. Hypothesis A hypothesis is a proposition which requires testing. Theories are the result of many tested hypotheses. Theory vs Fact While theories are well-supported and may be true, they are not the same as facts. Facts are irrefutable, while a contrary result may disprove a theory. Theory vs. Model Models and theories share common elements, but a theory both describes and explains while a model simply describes. Both models and theory may be used to make predictions and develop hypotheses. Sources Frigg, Roman (2006). Scientific Representation and the Semantic View of Theories. Theoria. 55 (2): 183–206.  Halvorson, Hans (2012). What Scientific Theories Could Not Be. Philosophy of Science. 79 (2): 183–206. doi:10.1086/664745McComas, William F. (December 30, 2013). The Language of Science Education: An Expanded Glossary of Key Terms and Concepts in Science Teaching and Learning. Springer Science Business Media. ISBN 978-94-6209-497-0.National Academy of Sciences (US) (1999). Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences (2nd ed.). National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/6024 ISBN 978-0-309-06406-4.  Suppe, Frederick (1998). Understanding Scientific Theories: An Assessment of Developments, 1969–1998. Philosophy of Science. 67: S102–S115. doi:10.1086/392812

vanishing twin essays

vanishing twin essays The Vanishing Twin Syndrome happens when one of the twin fetuses disappears from the mothers womb while she is pregnant, which usually result in a single birth. What actually happens to the fetus is that it spontaneously aborts normally during the first trimester and the fetal tissues is absorbed by either the other twin, the placenta, or the mother, which makes the fetus looks like it has vanished. Since there isnt really a clear cause for most miscarriages there are also not always reasons or explanations for one of the fetus to spontaneously abort. In some situations the fetus may have some type of chromosomal or placental abnormalities, which may cause it to abort. A problem with the umbilical implantation may also play a role in VTS. Scientists studies have shown that 1 in 8 people start their life with a twin but only 1in 70 actually become a twin. Studies have also shown that 80% of twin pregnancies result in the lost of one or both of the babies. Even though the loss of a ba by for a multiple pregnancy is high the Vanishing Twin Syndrome occurs in 21-30% of multiple pregnancies. In the recent years there has been more incidences of the Vanishing Twin Syndrome not because it wasnt happening so much before but because of the fact that modern technogly has advanced which allows it to detect more of these cases. In the past, many women experienced Vanishing Twin Syndrome without ever knowing it. When this syndrome occurs in pregnant women the mother may not have any symptoms at all but if they do they may have mild cramping, bleeding or pelvic discomfort. In most cases when the fetus has aborted, neither the mother nor the remaining parts of the fetus receives any kind of medical treatment. If VTS occurs in the first trimester the mother would go on as usually and deliver the other baby. However in some cases the fetus may die in the second or third trimester and the surviving baby may develop ce ...

How social media affect out personal behaviour Annotated Bibliography

How social media affect out personal behaviour - Annotated Bibliography Example The publication analyzes the effect of the information technology provides an opportunity to change peoples’ and organization’s decision-making behaviour. Groups and organizations also make use of technology to enhance their decision-making, especially through the social media. The technologies may have a positive or negative effect on the users regarding the effectiveness of the decisions made through the social media. For example, organization managers may make marketing changes, which in turn results to poor decisions by the consumers of their commodities. Over reliance on the social media rather than the employing the experts opinion and facts have the possibility of making biased decisions. The article gives an overview of the impact of the social media and the Web 2.0 on how organizations, individuals, and groups make decisions regarding their ventures. The authors interact with other published work by analyzing various impacts of the social media on decision-making and the consequences of using the information on the social networks. The other ideas related to social media, such as blogging, video sharing through the YouTube, and Skype among others enrich the authors’ information on the importance of the social media in decision-making. The main purpose of the publication is to educate and enlighten everybody, who views the internet on the importance of using the social sites for management reasons other than entertainment and socializing. The article clearly uses clear demonstrations to evaluate the importance of social media and several examples of the social media platform to enhance the clarity of the contents. The article is about psychological behaviours related to the social media published by Knowledge and Information Systems and addresses behaviours on the social media. The purpose of the article is to study the important world

Testing And Commissioning In HVAC Practices In Hong Kong Dissertation

Testing And Commissioning In HVAC Practices In Hong Kong - Dissertation Example A set of Commissioning Specifications which includes the divisions that describe the BCS document as a common requirement should be drafted by the HKBCA to curb the deficiency of practical standard. It should also concentrate on after services such as the electrical and HVAC systems. So as to handle the BCx role effectively, there will be the issuance of inspection forms and a number of checklists to certified persons. In America and the United Kingdom, BCx education and training is provided in schools, research, and development organizations, whereas in Hong Kong it is not prominent. The dissertation recommends that Hong Kong should consider prominently providing the same to schools, research, and development organization. The private sectors do not address commissioning as their main objective and there has never been a clear cooperation at different phases of commissioning between the private sector and the government in the formulation, planning, and implementation of the project s. This dissertation also suggests that there should be a clear cooperation at different phases of commissioning between the private sector and the Hong Kong government as far as the formulation, planning, and implementation of the projects is concerned. The training on the BC document is offered in academic institutions but the students are unable to fully apprehend the process because it is not exhaustive enough. There should be the amalgamation between the integration of the BCx with other building control procedures.

Thyroid Cancer in Women Essay Example for Free

Thyroid Cancer in Women Essay Introduction Thyroid cancer is admittedly the commonest endocrine malignancy often detected among young patients and frequently among the women. In most populations, the median age of its detection tends to be quite low, actually below 40 in most cases. It is currently the fastest growing cancers among women. Despite the fact that the cancer is still quite rare, it continues to be increasingly on the rise among women across the globe and especially pregnant women. Most experts are not quite certain on the causes despite the fact that they have been able to identify the risk factors at play. Essentially, there are four main types of thyroid cancer: Follicular, papillary, medullary and anaplastic. Papillary and follicular thyroid cancers are jointly referred to as differentiated thyroid cancer since their prognosis is more favorable relative to the other types. Among most young women, their pregnancy periods are usually accompanied with differentiated thyroid cancer. The management of this type of cancer poses risks due to the concerns of maternal and fetal health. With most women experiencing rises in differentiated thyroid cancer during pregnancy with a prevalence rate of 14 per 100,000, it has become necessary to discern the management of the ailment (Smith, Danielsen, Allen Cress, 2003) Literature review Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) has a higher incident among women within  their reproductive ages. It has long been speculated that the association between human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), estrogen and DTC exists. Numerous studies have pointed out an association between high parity and the risk of DTC in pregnant women (Kravdal, Glattre, Haldorsen, 1991). However, the data on the association between DTC and estrogen seem to be gravely inconsistent with some studies indicating a pro-proliferative effect on the thyroid cancer cell lines occasioned with estrogen while other studies point at estrogens stimulatory effect on the adenomatous and normal thyroid only (Lee et al., 2005) Clinical data also conflicts; one study revealed a high risk of DTC infection among women exposed to oral contraceptives containing estrogen with another reporting no association between DTC and usage of exogenous hormones Data on the effect of HCG on DTC tends to be very discordant and non confirmatory. Despite the fact that rising levels of HCG during pregnancy tends to stimulate the production of thyroid hormones, there has not been any coherent evidence that links HCG and DTC. On the basis of women cohort using fertility drugs for treatment, there was no association observed between use of HCG and DTC. Simply put, according to available epidemiologic data, high parity and the risk to DTC are associated; but there is still some lack of clarity with regard to outcomes of DTC diagnosed at pregnancy (Mack, Preston-Martin, Bernstein, Qian, Xiang, 1999). As a result of the overt female to male ratio in the incidence of thyroid cancer, particularly the differentiated cancers, within their reproductive years, epidemiological studies have seriously focused on the role of reproductive exposures among women. Most studies have generally come up with findings that concur with the role of reproductive exposures. There is a minimal contribution of reproductive factors in the etiology and development of thyroid cancer among women. In fact, several case control studies have revealed increased risk with abortion or miscarriage, particularly during the first pregnancy (McTiernan Weiss Daling, 1987). Arguably, this is one of the most recognized reproductive risk factor for differentiated thyroid cancer among women. There is an elevated risk of developing thyroid cancer among women who use lactation suppressants and this risk seems to increase with the number of pregnancies in which the suppressants are used (McTiernan, Weiss Daling, 1984). Risk factors for thyroid cancer A risk factor refers to anything that plays a role in influencing a person’s chance of contracting a particular disease. Admittedly, there are several risk factors behind any particular cancer. It must however be emphasized that risk factors do not tell everything, rather, they illuminate, to a less degree, the probable cause of the disease. It must also be asserted that the absence of a risk factor does not absolve one from contracting a particular cancer. Experts have also come to the conclusion that having one or several risk factors increases the chances of one contracting the cancer. In the case of thyroid cancer, there are a number of risk factors that have been reported and they will be discussed below. Gender and age have been noted to be among the leading risk factors of thyroid cancer. Globally, women are three times likely to be affected by thyroid cancer compared with their male counterparts. On the issue of age, thyroid cancer can develop at any particular age. However, two thirds of the cancer cases are more prevalent between ages 20 and 55.On the other hand, anaplastic thyroid cancer tends to be diagnosed after 60 year of age (Braunstein, 2011). Exposure to radiation has scientifically been proven to be a risk factor in the development of thyroid cancer. The main sources of the radiations could emanate from medical treatments, nuclear weapons and fallouts from power plant accidents. Moderate levels of exposure to radiations increase the risks of follicular and papillary cancer. Such sources include: †¢ Low to moderate doses of x- ray treatments that were used to treat children with tonsils, acne ad other head and neck pains †¢ Persons who have received radiation therapy for lymphoma in the head and neck are more inclined to develop follicular and papillary cancer. †¢ Early exposure to radioactive iodine especially at childhood increases the risk of contracting follicular and papillary cancers. There are certain types of thyroid cancer that are normally associated with genes. Actually, 20% of patients suffering from medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) tend to possess an abnormal gene that facilitates the development of the disease (Cooper et al, 2009). The gene is usually passed to offspring. The thyroid cancer that emanates from genetic abnormality is referred to as familial medullary thyroid carcinoma. In the case of papillary thyroid cancer, there is some element of heredity but the genetic basis hasn’t been established. Intake of dietary iodine is a leading environmental influence of thyroid cancer prevalence in particular. Follicular thyroid cancers tend to be more prevalent in geographic locations with low iodine in diets. In the United States, there is adequate iodine as it is normally added in diets. Diets low in iodine may increase to incidence of papillary thyroid cancer when the victim is also exposed to some radioactivity. Management of thyroid cancer Approximately 10% of thyroid cancer cases that occur in the reproductive years of most women tend to be detected during pregnancy or early in their post- partum period (Cooper et al, 2009). In the case of a pregnant woman, treatment and subsequent follow-up tend to be similar to the non pregnant women save for the prescription and use of radioactive iodine. There are certain differences in the manner in which differentiated thyroid cancer and medullary thyroid cancer are treated. However, the most important considerations in the treatment of thyroid cancer in pregnant women must entail: †¢ Effect of the cancer on the pregnancy †¢ Effect of the pregnancy on the cancer †¢ Effects of the management modalities on the outcome of the pregnancy Managing DTC during pregnancy will mainly fall between two scenarios: The first entails women diagnosed from the beginning during pregnancy while the other one will include women who had previously been infected who have now become pregnant or are anticipating pregnancy. Each of the groups brings with it peculiar therapeutic challenges that demand for a clinical approach guided by the disease stage, preferences of the patient and the particular stage of the pregnancy. Thyroid surgery at pregnancy There is no objective consensus on the ideal timing of surgery for DTC women in labor. Generally, individualized decisions tend to be based on the wishes of the patient and other risk factors. However, in the event that a surgery has to be performed as a result of a large tumor or even the patient’s concern then it is better performed during the second trimester of the pregnancy to reduce the risk of abortion that is bound to occur if the surgery is performed in the first trimester. In case there is no life threatening risk, then it is recommended that the surgery be done after delivery (Cooper et al, 2009). Radioiodine therapy during pregnancy This therapy is usually contraindicated at pregnancy since it exposes the fetus to highly radioactive elements that may impair its normal development. Therefore, women scheduled for this therapy must exclude their pregnancy phase. Postpartum radioiodine therapy must be deferred for 6-8 weeks after breastfeeding has stopped. Thyroid hormone replacement and pregnancy Such a therapy must commence with some pre- pregnancy counseling on the importance of undertaking frequent thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and of adjusting dosage. Personal refection Admittedly, the numerous incidents of DTC among women and in particular pregnant women have become issues of great concern. Despite the numerous research that has been undertaken on the topic, none has concretely provided the main reason why women continue to be victims of the disease. Nonetheless, if women will be screened early before reaching their prime years, the chances of being treated of the diseases are high and as such the development of the fetus will not be hampered. Additionally, despite the fact that certain risk factors are beyond our control, the ones under human control, such as iodine presence in diets, ought to be addressed and enforced. Conclusion There is no doubt whatsoever that the incidents of thyroid cancer are on the rise and especially among women. The data that has been adopted in the research is indeed suggestive despite the fact that it fails to fully convince. It must be admitted that mankind, despite making several advancements in medical technology, has contributed to enhancement of thyroid malignancy by adopting therapeutic radiations as well as nuclear fission. Hence, the resulting high thyroid cancer prevalence has been buoyed by genetic mutation, environmental carcinogens and autoimmune phenomena. With proper clinical attendance, thyroid cancer can be properly managed with exposing the mother or the fetus to any danger. It is therefore recommended that women should always be screened early in life and regularly to avoid the compromising situations that the find themselves in whenever they are pregnant. References Braunstein, G. (2011).Thyroid Cancer. Boston: Springer. D. S. Cooper, G. M. Doherty, B. R. Haugen et al.(2009).Revised American thyroid association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid, 19 (11), 1167–1214, 2009. Retrieved September 24, 2012 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19860577 M. L. Lee, G. G. Chen, A. C. Vlantis, G. M. K. Tse, B. C. H. Leung, and C. A. Van Hasselt(2005).Induction of thyroid papillary carcinoma cell proliferation by estrogen is associated with an altered expression of Bcl-xL. Cancer Journal, 11(2), 113–121.Retrieved September 24, 2012 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Induction%20of%20thyroid%20papillary%20carcinoma%20cell%20proliferation%20by%20estrogen%20is%20associated%20with%20an%20altered%20expression%20of%20Bcl-xL. McTiernan A. M., Weiss N. S., Daling J. R. (1984). Incidence of thyroid cancer in women in relation to reproductive and hormonal factors. Am. J. Epidemiology., 120: 423-435.Retrieved September 24, 2012 from http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/120/3/423 McTiernan A., Weiss N. S., Daling J. R. (1987). Incidence of thyroid cancer in women in relation to known or suspected risk factors for breast cancer. Cancer Res., 47: 292-295.Retrieved on September 24, 2012 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3791213 O. Kravdal, E. Glattre, and T. Haldorsen. (1991).Positive correlation between parity and incidence of thyroid cancer: new evidence based on complete Norwegian birth cohorts. International Journal of Cancer, 49(6) 831–836.Retrieved September 24, 2012 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1959987 Smith, L., Danielsen, B., Allen, M., Cress, R. (2003). Cancer associated with obstetric delivery: results of linkage with the California cancer registry. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 189(4), 1128-1135. Retrieved September 24, 2012, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14586366 W. J. Mack, S. Preston-Martin, L. Bernstein, D. Qian, and M. Xiang (1999).Reproductive and hormonal risk factors for thyroid cancer in Los Angeles County females. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention, (8)11, 991–997.Retrieved September 24, 2012 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Reproductive%20and%20hormonal%20risk%20factors%20for%20thyroid%20cancer%20in%20Los%20Angeles%20County%20females

E-Commerce Makes Life Better ! Essay -- E-Commerce Internet

E-Commerce Makes Life Better ! E-commerce means that the company runs their business online, not like the traditional business way. We have to go the shopping mall or store to get goods that we need, E-Business is the enabling of electronic communication between any two or more participants in a business relationship. It helps companies capture abroad business field, cost saving, and market opportunity. E-commerce is an important factor that is making people’s lives more efficient. This is the report according to the survey I did in IUP. Seven out of ten people say they prefer to buy goods from e-commerce. The reason is they said that it is convenient and time saving. According to the survey most of them agree that the service is fast. For an example, the delivery is fast. If you purchase something from e-commerce you will get the stuff within two weeks time. Beside that, the price is slightly cheaper than those goods in the shopping mall. But it depends on season, if you buy goods during the clearance season, such as New Year sale, summer sale or winter sales goods in the shopping mall probably will be cheaper than goods that offer in the e-commerce. Seven out of ten people prefer market form, which mean that you know the price and information. You can buy it on the spot. So it saves time compared to bid form. If you choose bid form to buy things, most of the time you can get it cheaper but it take a longer time. And you can’t confirm that you will get the product. So that the reason why most of them choose market form. In addition, the product quality more or less the same as the product in the shopping center. For the security aspect. I had to interview a girl. He... ...sides that, you also can learn other things from e-commerce. Such as we can learn more about the business cycle, and what consumer needs. So you know what kind of product that is suitable in that period of time. For an example, remote-control car and cameras are the best product to sell during the summer, because most of the people like to do outdoor activities, so that kind of product is easy to sell. In conclusion, e-commerce makes our life much more easier, because it saves time, we can get our goods with in a short period of time, other than that it connects to businesses around the world, we can buy goods that we can’t get from the local market. The last thing we also can get goods that are not available in the shopping mall and with the cheaper price. As I know, using e-commerce to shop online is the right choice for because it is so convenient.

Analysis of the short story Essay

`This essay will discuss certain reaction to the story ‘Examination day’, as well as reviewing the lifestyle and world Dickie lives in. The Jordan family are not rich but they are part of the working class society. The accommodation is quite small, they’re ‘little apartment’ is described in line 21: ‘The boy †¦ wandered to that part of the living room which had been ‘his’ from infancy. ’ This shows that things have not changed in terms of housing since he was young and probably their wealth has not increased as much as they would have liked. In the ‘little apartment’ Mrs Jordan mentioned ‘the Exam’ which was why the tension was quite high in the room. ‘The Exam’ is the ‘Government intelligence test they give to children at the age of twelve. ’ This examination was to make sure that there is no-one clever enough to overrule the current government. This test shows an example of what a dictator ruled government is like. This government is a totalitarian government in terms of not wanting to lose power or authority of any sort. These citizens are stuck in an unwanted dictatorship. The examination room was just as restricted as the lives they lead. The room was very dim which represents amount of information they know about the world and their current government. Also in Dickie’s eyes the room doesn’t look very inviting or welcoming even if it was an examination room. Although Dickie could not really see the ‘gray-tunicked attendant’ he knew that this was a very serious matter. The dimness of the room also shows the secretiveness of the government and how much they want their citizens to know. On the day of Dickie’s examination his parents’ were very anxious to see whether or not their son was allowed to come home or not; there were ‘†¦ not speaking, not even speculating. ’ They were so apprehensive that when the phone rang they both tried to reach for it. This shows that they had a feeling that things were not going to work out perfectly for them. When Mr Jordan answered the phone to the ‘Government Educational Service’ he was told that his son’s ‘†¦intelligence quotient has exceeded the Government regulation. ’ This information was a shock to Mr Jordan that even his wife had read the expression of disappointment on his face. The government had announced that Dickie was going to die because he had breached the ‘intelligence quotient’. This shows that the government are too scared to let the clever people live their own lives or even work for them at their young age. This shows that the dictator is not as strong as he portrays himself to be. This shows that he is insecure and that if anyone clever was around he would probably crumble from having lack of authority. I think that the Jordan family live in a completely totalitarian world where they have no freedom to do what they like when they feel like it; unless they are in their own home. Their dictator is too worried about anyone overruling him; he feels the need to get rid all of the clever citizens to be secure in his position. This shows that this dictator is too unsecure to be head of the government. He needs to step aside and let someone else do the job properly.

Business primary motive Essay

1a)Every business’ primary motive is to make profit. Here, the question is whether a company or a business should give up its economic advantage at the time of the crisis? Does anything change at the time of the crisis for a business? According to me, yes. Though every business aims to make profits, they have a social responsibility of helping the society, reaching out to it’s community people and to give back to society at times of crisis. Coming to the case of Bayer, Canada and the US were facing shortage of the ‘Cipra’ drug and Bayer should have let their profits go and helped the governments by providing the drug. Companies should follow humanist theories during times of national crisis. But we also see that Bayer was able to fulfill the orders and need for the drugs at all times. Though, Bayer have a social responsibility, it was uncalled for Canada and US to suspend the Patent rights. What ethical norm is central to the court’s decision in this case? 2. What fact seems especially powerful in shaping the court’s reasoning? 3. What reasons does the court provide for upholding the respondent’s disbarment? 4. Outline the reasons why Egil Krogh, Jr., believed he should not be disbarred by the disciplinary board of the State of California. 1b)Though the governments always have the power to take decisions such as these – impacting the patent law, there are regulations which they have to follow. Government should take these extreme measures if and only if it results in a major loss or causes health hazards to its citizens. Government should take such measures as a last resort, because they set the tone. If the government and the lawmakers themselves stop following the rules, then it is foolish to expect the civil society to maintain law and order in the society as the saying goes † As the ruler, so the ruled†. In this case, if the government had impacted the patent rights in some way, Bayer had a solid ground to take legal action against the infringement. They had enough sales in the previous year, they had fulfilled the orders and  requirements of the drugs in an efficient manner. â€Å"35 U.S. Code  § 296  ­ Liability of States, instrumentalities of States, and State officials for infringement of patents a) In General.— Any State, any instrumentality of a State, and any officer or employee of a State or instrumentality of a State acting in his official capacity, shall not be immune, under the eleventh amendment of the Constitution of the United States or under any other doctrine of sovereign immunity, from suit in Federal court by any person, including any governmental or nongovernmental entity, for infringement of a patent under section 271, or for any other violation under this title. (b) Remedies.— In a suit described in subsection (a) for a violation described in that subsection, remedies (including remedies both at law and in equity) are available for the violation to the same extent as such remedies are available for such a violation in a suit against any private entity. Such remedies include damages, interest, costs, and treble damag es under section 284, attorney fees under section 285, and the additional remedy for infringement of design patents under section 289.†

The Most Popular Argumentative Essay Topics of 2017 The List

The Most Popular Argumentative Essay Topics of 2017 The List Top-50 topics you would love to work on PLUS useful tips on writing a flawless argumentative essay. As you may already know, an argumentative essay is a writing genre where the student establishes a position on a given or chosen topic and then uses evidence to persuade the audience to see things from his/her point of view. To write a great argumentative essay, the student first has to investigate several sides of the argument, which allows making an educated stance. Then, one has to collect evidence, including facts, statistics, and claims from experts in the topic’s field. Generally, the primary objective of writing an argumentative essay is to learn how to convince people to change their mind about things which many of them are pretty sure about. What Substitutes a Good Argumentative Essay Topic? When you are asked to choose a good topic for your argument, start with something you are familiar with. Even if you hire a professional writer to help you with this assignment, speaking about something you know will be a much better sounding presentation of your arguments. Choosing an emotional topic is also a good idea. Appealing to the readers’ emotions connects them to the side of the writer and draws them in. One of the best ways to change anyone’s mind is with an emotional investment. Pick Your Favorite Topic or Get Your Essay Done For You We offer a great list of topics for writing your argumentative essay. Did you also know you can get your essay written for a small fee? We employ hundreds of professional writers who specialize in essay, dissertation and research writing. They have written hundreds of academic papers for students worldwide. Therefore, we know how to write a perfect custom-written argumentative essay that will meet your requirements and help get you the grade you want. Contact us now to request professional essay writing help! If you want to write the paper on your own, take a look at the full list of argumentative essay topics along with the samples below: Middle/High School-Level Argumentative Essay Topics   Should teenagers be required to get their parents’ permission to obtain contraceptives?   Should the number of passengers be limited in cars driven by minors?   Should high school education be mandatory? College-Level Argumentative Essay Topics When is military force justified? Should parents hold responsibility for the crimes of their children? Should academic achievement be a primary consideration for college admission? Argumentative Topics to Avoid Is our political process fair? Do athletes make too much money? Can science go too far? Funny Argumentative Essay Topics Should you believe every word in an infomercial? Should funny cat videos be allowed on YouTube? What is the worst song in the world? Classic Argumentative Essay Topics Computer games harm individuals Sex education is the only way to eliminate many issues, including teenage pregnancy Are abortions legal? Arguments on Bioethics Is the use of animals for research purposes justified? Cloning should be banned Arguments on Issues in the IT Area Some of Google services raise privacy and security concerns for people Download sites violate copyright rules Should YouTube comments be regulated? The Internet has been overly commercialized. Agree or disagree?   Argumentative Topics for Legal Discussions Is gun control an effective method of reducing crime? Is the death penalty justified?   Do you believe euthanasia (assisted suicide) is right?   The book â€Å"Twelve Angry Men† represents democracy with its flaws Should same-sex marriages be made legal? Torture is never justified Smoking in public places should be banned Society is becoming over-regulated Legalization of marijuana in some states is wrong Production and sale of cigarettes should be made illegal Argumentative Topics on Social Concerns Cross-cultural marriages contribute to racial tolerance Single-parent children behaviour is different than that of children with both parents Women are less engaged in criminal activity than men Young people are predisposed to negative influence because they are more rebellious by nature Violence in the media destroys children Sexual content on TV harms teenagers Homeschooling is an ideal way to obtain a quality education Ecological Issues Forests are the lungs of the Earth. Should rainforests destruction be prohibited? Should countries drill for oil in protected areas to reduce gas prices? Global warming is a myth   To what extent are electric cars a solution to global pollution? Society and the Media Media influences the female perception of the body image. Agree or disagree. Violent video games directly correlate to violence in schools. Agree or disagree. Other Topics Should cities preserve old buildings? Diets don’t help to lose weight Financial rewards are the only way to gain employee`s loyalty Life-long learning is no longer required for career success Correspondence Theory of Truth appears to be plausible and defendable Dokdo islands are Korean property and should not be claimed by Japan Ghost hunting is pure fiction Now, once you have chosen a good topic from the list, try to lay down your thoughts on your screen or paper. Here are some tips on how to do it properly: Adhering to the above structure of an argumentative essay will keep your creative process together: The first paragraph offers a brief review of the topic, explains its importance, and shares the essay’s clear and concise thesis statement. After the introduction come the body paragraphs, in which the writer develops his/her arguments and supports them with valid and reliable evidence. The support should be anecdotal, logical, statistical, or factual, depending on the essay’s topic. Following the argument paragraphs, the writer shares the opposing views. Ending the paragraph is the conclusion. This paragraph is quite important since it leaves the reader with the most immediate impression. The writer should synthesize the information shared in the body of the essay, as they restate the topic’s importance, review main points, as well as review the thesis. No new information should be shared in the conclusion. Here is another cool tip to make your arguments sound stronger: use connection words! How To Use Connection Words While Writing an Argumentative Essay? Transition or connection words and phrases hold your essay together. They provide flow as they connect thoughts and ideas. Function Connection Word Addition additionally; also; and; as a matter of fact; as well as; equally; equally important; furthermore; identically; in addition; in the first place; like; likewise; not only†¦but also; not to mention; similarly; together with; too Contrast above all; after all; albeit; although; although this may be true; as much as; be that it may; besides; but; conversely; despite; different from; even so/though; however; in contrast; in reality; in spite of; nevertheless; nonetheless; notwithstanding; of course†¦, but; on the contrary; on the other hand; or; otherwise; rather; Cause or Purpose as; as/so long as; because of; due to; for fear that; for the purpose of; given that; granted (that); if†¦then; in case; in view of; in order to; in the event that; in the hope that; lest; only/even if; owing to; provided that; seeing/being that; since; so as to; so that; unless; when; whenever; while; with this in mind Examples or Support another key point; as an illustration; by all means; chiefly; especially; for example; for instance; for this reason; in fact; in other words; notably; specifically; surprisingly; to point out; truly Consequence or Result accordingly; as a result; because the; consequently; due to; for; for this reason; hence; in effect; in that case; since; so that; therefore; with the result that Conclusion / Summary / Restatement after all; all things considered; as a result; as can be seen; as shown above; consequently; for the most part; generally speaking; given these points; in conclusion; in fact; to summarize; How Is This Information Going to Help Me Write My Essay? Writing a good argumentative essay develops your argumentative thinking. It is a useful skill that you will need in your life not only to survive among your peers today but also to have a successful future in general. Most of the businesses and partnerships prosper through argument. Getting the right arguments will help you prove your point and win. The intellect rules the modern world. Those who stay focused on becoming stronger in chosen profession win. It requires no distraction on things of little importance. To succeed, you need to stay focused on what you feel is right for you and what you are willing to devote your life to. And it should take up most of your time. Seriously. The more research you can do to get better at your future profession, the better. Our professional ghostwriting company has been writing papers for students since 2005. You are welcome to use our essay writing service as a helpful tool for your career success strategy. Here is a fun fact: Most of the world-known geniuses are college drop-outs. They were too focused on what mattered to them most and couldn’t get their homework done on time. However, it is a bad example to follow. No matter if you run a successful business, have a busy job, need to visit your family or have an emergency – failing your module is a horrible possibility. That is why our writers are here to help you 24/7. If Mark Zuckerberg or Bill Gates knew about our service, we bet they could have gotten their degree on time and without problems.

Free Essays on The Burden Of Proof

â€Å"burden of proof† are not specifically mentioned within the U.S. Constitution however is implied in a several amendments. The burden of proof and where it lies has been the subject of many court cases and decisions. There are plenty of questions in the area of burden such as; where does it lie in civil suits, in what cases is the prosecutor bear more of the burden and where does the defendant, and so on. Many of the research provided here is from court cases and decisions that have shaped how the burden of proof is balanced. The constitution is used to shape the decisions that were reached by these court cases. In the Fourth amendment Americans are guaranteed to â€Å"†¦ be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (U.S. Constitution). There are a number of court cases that outline the requirements for searches without a warrant. Searches without a warrant require the owner or occupant’s permission and the law is specific in where the burden lies in situations where consent is granted to search. â€Å"Government has burden of proving that search without warrant was consented to by the defendant† (Kovach v U.S., 1971). In another case the question was raised as to whether the prosecutor must also prove that the search was consented to freely and voluntarily by the property owner. â€Å"When search is grounded upon consent burden of justification of search, that is, that consent was freely and voluntarily given, falls sq uarely upon prosecution; question is one of mental awareness so that act of consent was consensual act of one who knew what he was doing and had reasonable appreciation of nature and significance ... Free Essays on The Burden Of Proof Free Essays on The Burden Of Proof Burden of proof is defined as â€Å"the level of proof which different parties are required to demonstrate to persuade a jury or judge in a civil or criminal case.† The words â€Å"burden of proof† are not specifically mentioned within the U.S. Constitution however is implied in a several amendments. The burden of proof and where it lies has been the subject of many court cases and decisions. There are plenty of questions in the area of burden such as; where does it lie in civil suits, in what cases is the prosecutor bear more of the burden and where does the defendant, and so on. Many of the research provided here is from court cases and decisions that have shaped how the burden of proof is balanced. The constitution is used to shape the decisions that were reached by these court cases. In the Fourth amendment Americans are guaranteed to â€Å"†¦ be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (U.S. Constitution). There are a number of court cases that outline the requirements for searches without a warrant. Searches without a warrant require the owner or occupant’s permission and the law is specific in where the burden lies in situations where consent is granted to search. â€Å"Government has burden of proving that search without warrant was consented to by the defendant† (Kovach v U.S., 1971). In another case the question was raised as to whether the prosecutor must also prove that the search was consented to freely and voluntarily by the property owner. â€Å"When search is grounded upon consent burden of justification of search, that is, that consent was freely and voluntarily given, falls sq uarely upon prosecution; question is one of mental awareness so that act of consent was consensual act of one who knew what he was doing and had reasonable appreciation of nature and significance ...

Feasibility study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Feasibility study - Research Paper Example The new business venture will be called Pizzeria Inn. It will be located at the northern Mexico. The new industry will, therefore, feature Dine in, Take Out and also Delivery services. Most economists and researchers agree that entrepreneurship is one of the significant ingredients for stimulating economic growth as well as offering job opportunities to the jobless members of all the societies. According to Jacksack & Start (2003), globally, successful SMEs have become the primary engines of job creation and poverty reduction in the marginalized communities. As a business entrepreneur, a business plan is the only tool which can help the small business expand. It is the road map an entrepreneur needs to follow in order to realize the set goals and objectives. It is, therefore, the initial step to a successful business venture. Any business entrepreneur should, therefore, provide a business plan which acts as a guide to the whole business process. The paper, therefore, endeavors to conduct a business plan for New Antoniou Pizzeria. The new business venture will target the middle income pizza in Sparks. Pizza inn is thought to be conveniently accessible to over 90,000 targeted market consumers in this region. This includes one of the most attractive market opportunities for this venture. The competitive analysis of the business venture has identified significant market place gaps to serve as the base for the industries competitive advantage. This business venture would help Mexican middle class residents around the beach as well as far residents who come to the beach to benefit from low priced delicious dishes which maybe could not have afforded from other huge restaurants. It would also help other entrepreneurs to venture in innovative business ventures hence gain the managerial and entrepreneurial skills needed to run such

Tracing the Emergence of the Symphony from Sammartini and Stamitz Essay

Tracing the Emergence of the Symphony from Sammartini and Stamitz through the Works of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven - Essay Example A symphony is a method of music that scales large and in its performance at orchestra. Symphony is comparable to concept of the novel in literature. Symphony emerged from the baroque period as sinfonia. In the baroque period, sinfonia referred to brief instrumental pieces that preceded larger works. In certain contexts, it would achieve full identity as an independent piece. A prominent example concerns concert grosso. However, trio sonata, concerto and sinfonia were treated as synonyms. The Italian sinfonia had the structure of fast-slow-fast while the French overture had the structure of slow-fast-slow. These overtures entailed small orchestra, short duration and easy compositions. In the eighteenth century, symphony emerged as a form that entailed performance by several instruments and independent identity. This was dominant, especially, in Italy whereby there were artists such as Giovanni Sammartini. Other early composers of the same include artists such as Johann Stamitz and Bac h. Symphony grew in prominence since the baroque period initiated a revolution whereby the popularity of secular music surged beyond gospel music. The concept of the Orchestra, as a musical form, expanded to constitute an average of twenty players. The pieces involved use of different musical families such as woodwinds, keyboard instruments and strings. Orchestral performance became a public rather than the royalties’ affair. The second half of the eighteenth century had Joseph Haydn compose 104 symphonies. They entailed experiments with forms such as six pieces. Mozart had 41 symphonies. It is vital to note that he had his first composition at eight years of age. Haydn provided the transition from the pre-classical age into mature classic symphony. His first fourteen compositions had the elements of the pre-classical period. Mozart and Haydn achieved a significant celebration as the classical symphony’s composers (Wright 162). Haydn and Mozart initiated the definition of current symphony. In the age of reason, classical symphony possessed a balance, intricate design and distinct symmetry. Examples of the same include rondo, minuet, sonata form and trio (Wright 165). The structure of the same was typical of four movements. They occurred in the pattern of fast, slow, moderately fast, and quite fast. The performance did not require the role of a conductor. The choirmaster, who would be the first violinist, performed the role of guiding the performance. The performances of Haydn and Mozart were usually short pieces that would take an average of thirty minutes. Ludwig van Beethoven played an essential role of expanding the concept of symphony (Wright 209). This expansion occurred in terms of density of sound, tempo, rhythm and dynamics. In addition, he initiated the use of additional instruments such as the piccolo, trombone and the contrabassoon (Wright 210). Describe the individual musical styles of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. Support your charac terizations with musical examples. It is essential to note that Haydn and Mozart belonged to a slightly earlier age of music growth. Beethoven later sprung as a fundamental artist of the eighteenth century. However, they all belong to the classical period of music growth. To begin with, the article explores the works of Joseph Haydn. Haydn, just as Mozart, sprung from the baroque age of music. He is part of the group that established a